控灌改良对黄河三角洲盐碱地玉米生长与产量的影响研究

本文以黄河三角洲盐碱地玉米为研究对象,利用黄河泥沙对盐碱地进行改良试验,分析不同黄河泥沙施用量和不同灌水量水平对玉米株高、叶面积、干物质量和产量的影响,探讨适宜的泥沙施用量和灌水量。结果表明：玉米的生长和产量都随着泥沙施用量和灌水量的增加而增大,泥沙施用量均大于灌水量对其的影响。株高、叶面积指数、干物质量产量均在在泥沙施用量为6cm,灌水量为150mm处理最大,干物质积累量在成熟期最大为20460kg/hm_²；夏玉米产量最大为11220kg/hm_²。     

芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性与干旱灌溉应用研究

探讨芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性与干旱灌溉水分生产效率,为芝麻高产栽培的合理灌溉和水分管理提供科学依据,2013-2018年在安徽、新疆等不同地域,选用6个芝麻主栽品种,开展芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性和灌溉水利用研究。结果表明：盆栽芝麻的全生育期蒸腾需水量平均为283.59mm,品种间差异大,形成100kg芝麻籽粒蒸腾需水量为263.56mm(175.7t/666.7m²),苗期、蕾期、初花期、盛花期、终花期、成熟期的蒸腾需水量分别为18.76mm、21.91mm、21.03mm、149.28mm、71.21mm和34.79mm,蒸腾模系数为5.89%、7.21%、6.85%、47.07%、23.93%和9.05%；盛花期最大,出苗期最小。池栽芝麻全生育期需水量531.36mm,其中株间蒸发量、蒸腾量分别占全生育期需水量的46.1%和53.9%；株间蒸发量最大的时期为苗期；蒸腾量最大的时期为花期。芝麻苗期、花期和成熟期需水模系数平均为18.65%、66.79%和14.56%。合肥基地出苗期、临泉基地花期遇旱喷灌,水分生产效率高达0.61kg/m³和0.65kg/m³；新疆精河基地按需滴灌处理比传统滴灌方式的水分生产效率提高43.28%,节水19.61%,这对水资源匮乏的新疆干旱区来说意义重大。芝麻需水量与栽培条件、品种、气温(r＝0.99)等密切相关。在芝麻不同生育阶段遇旱灌溉是提高水分生产效率和产量的关键措施之一。     

江西省水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式初探

【目的】探索水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式节水减排效益。【方法】以鄱阳湖区双季早晚稻为试验材料,采用大田和测坑试验,研究了水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式对灌溉定额、排水定额、降雨有效利用率、产量、稻田水分生产率,以及氮、磷排放量的影响,并与间歇灌溉和常规淹水灌溉试验进行了分析比较。【结果】与淹水灌溉、间歇灌溉相比,蓄雨间歇灌溉灌排水量、灌排次数明显减少。双季早晚稻年平均灌水量分别减少975m^3/hm^2和1251m^3/hm^2,年平均灌水次数分别减少8次和7.5次;年平均排水量分别减少729 m^3/hm^2和893 m^3/hm^2,年平均排水次数分别减少5.8次和3.1次;蓄雨间歇灌溉降雨有效利用率明显提高。早稻降雨利用率分别提高12.40%和9.14%,晚稻分别提高6.84%和6.42%;蓄雨间歇灌溉模式下,双季早晚稻总氮排放量年平均减排7.64 kg/hm^2和3.12 kg/hm^2,减排幅度34.93%和14.26%;双季早晚稻总磷排放量0.180kg/hm^2和0.095kg/hm^2,减排幅度37.25%和70.59%。【结论】蓄雨间歇灌溉模式具有明显的节水、减排和提高降雨有效利用率的效果,在我国南方多雨地区具有较强的推广应用空间。     

痕量灌溉对棉花花铃期光合性能日变化及产量的影响

【目的】明确痕量灌溉方式在干旱区灌溉棉田的适用性。【方法】本研究以中棉所92为供试材料,系统监测了痕量灌溉不同埋管深度30 cm(D30)、40 cm(D40)和50 cm(D50)和膜下滴灌(CK)4个处理的棉花花铃期光合日变化及产量效应。【结果】①不同处理下净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化均呈双峰曲线变化趋势,且D30处理各时段的净光合速率和气孔导度均高于其他处理。②不同处理下的胞间CO2摩尔分数日变化均呈广口"V"字形双峰曲线变化趋势,蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线变化趋势,最大值出现在14:00h。③D30处理的2年平均籽棉产量和平均皮棉产量最高,分别为5 734.28和2 454.53 kg/hm^2,其中籽棉产量分别比CK、D40和D50处理高出1.09%、7.63%和11.38%,皮棉产量分别比CK、D40和D50处理高出3.49%、8.32%和1.61%。【结论】综合光合性能日变化和产量分析得出,内蒙古阿拉善地区采用埋管深度为30 cm的痕量灌溉技术为最佳。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

Energy use efficiency of deficit-irrigated silage maize in different soil tillage practices on a high plain with a semi-arid climate

ABSTRACT

Energy requirement increases rapidly in agriculture due to the increase in mechanization. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the energy use efficiency of silage maize under three different tillage practices (conventional, reduced, no-tillage) combined with four different irrigation levels (full and three deficit irrigations). The no-tillage and reduced tillage practices provided savings in input energy at the rate of 17.4 and 9.1%, respectively compared to the conventional tillage. The highest silage yields in all irrigation levels were obtained in the no-tillage practice. Therefore, in full and deficit irrigated silage maize, the highest energy ratio, energy productivity and net energy and the lowest specific energy values were manifested in the no-tillage practice. Energy rates in the no-tillage practice were higher by 34.2 and 22.9% than the conventional and the reduced tillage practices, respectively. Moreover, the direct and non-renewable energy requirements were the lowest in the no-tillage practice. In conclusion, the fully-irrigated no-tillage practice can be recommended to obtain the highest energy use ratio and productivity. However, no-tillage irrigated with up to 50% less water amount could be a better alternative for areas with a water shortage by improving the energy use ratio with better water and fuel savings.     

宽窄行配置一穴多株种植对膜下滴灌玉米产量和群体质量的影响

【目的】在保持种植密度和行距一定的条件下,选择适宜机械化运行的宽行距,研究1穴多株种植对膜下滴灌春玉米产量和群体质量的影响,进而实现增产、提高水肥利用效率和实现农业整体机械化的目标。【方法】试验在同一种植密度(9 900株/hm^2),等行距(30 cm)、等株距(30 cm)条件下,设置3种种植规格:1株/穴(H1,宽行37 cm)、2株/穴(H2,宽行104 cm)、3株/穴(H3,宽行172 cm)。【结果】不同种植株数下春玉米叶面积和叶面积指数(LAI)在大喇叭口期后差异显著,且H2处理叶面积显著大于H1、H3处理,分别高13.8%、7.6%;吐丝期以后H2处理干物质积累量显著高于H1和H3处理;吐丝期至成熟期H2处理的光合势、相对生长率显著高于H1、H3处理,光合势分别高4.60%~12.74%、8.97%~9.79%,相对生长率分别高21.15%、103.06%;H2处理的产量较H1、H3处理平均增产21.6%、24.6%,水分利用效率(WUE)分别提高25.0%、33.5%。【结论】春玉米膜下滴灌宽窄行配置1穴2株种植可以提高春玉米叶面积指数,延缓后期叶面积的衰老,增加光合势,有助于后期干物质的积累,提高粒重,最终提高玉米籽粒产量。与常规种植相比,玉米膜下滴灌采用1穴2株种植规格,产量提高约21.6%,WUE提高约25%。     

浅埋滴灌水氮运筹对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用二因素二次饱和D-最优设计，于2016-2017年在辽西半干旱区移动遮雨棚内进行了水氮精量控制试验，设灌溉量和施氮量2个因素，灌溉量分别设145.4、271.7、348.2、436.2 mm 4个水平，施氮量分别设0、84.6、136.1、195.0 kg·hm^-2 4个水平，共6个处理。试验分析了水氮交互作用对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响，建立了产量回归模型。研究结果表明：浅埋滴灌条件下，灌溉量在145.4~350.5 mm时，春玉米产量随灌溉量的增加而增高至11 005.60 kg·hm^-2；灌溉量在350.5~436.2 mm时，产量随灌溉量的增加而降低至10 730.09 kg·hm^-2；施氮量在0~146.9 kg·hm^-2时，产量随施氮量的增加而增高至10 983.19 kg·hm^-2，施氮量在146.9~195.0 kg·hm^-2时，产量随施氮量的增加而降低至10 862.39 kg·hm^-2。灌溉量因素的影响大于施氮量，水氮之间有明显的正向交互效应，当灌溉量为373.1 mm，施氮量为165.6 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。作物耗水量在拔节-抽雄期和灌浆-收获期较大，分别为115.64、127.50 mm；水分利用效率随灌溉量的增加呈逐渐降低趋势，降低幅度达到52.21%，随着施氮量的增加则呈先升高后降低趋势，增幅为14.73%~20.08%；其中处理6（灌溉量348.2 mm，施氮量195.0 kg·hm^-2)最利于水分利用效率的提高。综合产量和水分利用效率两方面的因素，初步建立了春玉米浅埋滴灌水氮施用优化模式，参数组合为灌溉量348.2 mm、施氮量165.6 kg·hm^-2。     

油菜角果数量及关键表型参数的自动化检测方法研究

为有效替代人工方式考种油菜、观测角果,研究了一种用于测量批量角果的数量和关键表型参数的自动化检测方法。设计了角果散铺和图像采集装置,利用拨动加振动的方式将堆积角果均匀散开并拍摄视频;使用二维码作为标记块,以有效地提取关键帧并拼接为包含全部角果的整幅图像;提出了基于凹点提取与匹配的图像分割方法,分割各种形态下的重叠角果,准确率达到98%以上。在关键表型参数测量中,利用了最大类间方差法以判断角果的正置或侧置姿态,以此估计角果横切面的近似椭圆长短轴,再计算角果的长度、表面积和体积。实验结果表明该方法具有很好的检测精度,对不同品种的油菜适应性较好,长度、表面积和体积的估计误差分别不大于2.9%、4.8%和5.0%。该方法可以有效替代人工方式的油菜考种,为相关农业科研领域提供基础数据。     

基质栽培黄瓜叶片水分状况、光合与荧光参数对不同灌水下限的响应

为探明基质栽培黄瓜适宜的灌水下限,实现农艺节水,以黄瓜品种博特209为试材,采用基质盆栽,共设置4个灌水下限处理,即田间持水量的50%、60%、70%、80%,用A、B、C、D表示,灌水上限统一设定为田间持水量的90%,采用TDR350水分速测仪控制基质的水分含量,研究不同灌水下限对基质栽培黄瓜叶片水分状况、光合日变化及荧光参数的影响。结果表明:随着灌水下限的提高,叶片的相对含水量、自由水含量及自由水/束缚水的比值呈逐渐上升的趋势,水分饱和亏、叶片细胞汁液浓度及束缚水含量则呈下降趋势,处理C、D的相对含水量、自由水含量均显著(P<0.05)高于处理A、B,处理A细胞汁液浓度显著高于处理C、D,处理A、B束缚水含量显著(P<0.05)高于处理C、D。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b的含量均随灌水下限的升高呈现为先上升后下降的趋势,而类胡萝卜素含量则表现为先下降后上升的趋势,处理C叶绿素a、叶绿素a+b含量显著(P<0.05)高于处理A、B;处理C、D黄瓜叶片的胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)的变化趋势基本呈“V”型,而处理A、B的Ci的变化趋势基本呈“W”型;处理A、B、C、D的蒸腾速率(T_r)日变化均呈先上升后下降的趋势,处理B、C、D的Tr在14:00后呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而处理A在12:00后就呈快速下降的趋势;处理B、C、D的气孔导度(G_s)日变化大致呈“M”型的双峰曲线,处理A则呈单峰曲线;处理A、B、C、D叶片净光合速率(P_n)与G_s日变化趋势基本一致,在整个日变化过程中,处理C、D的P_n始终高于处理A、B。F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、qP随灌水下限的提高呈逐渐上升的趋势,而NPQ呈逐渐下降的趋势。研究结果表明,灌水下限为田间持水量的70%~80%,基质栽培黄瓜叶片的水分状况良好、光合色素含量高、净光合速率大,有利于黄瓜的光合作用,促进黄瓜的生长发育。